![]() The hypothesis tested was that the ACL prevention training program included with an in-season soccer program would demonstrate increased improvement in the Tuck Jump Assessment (TJA) scores at post-season follow-up testing relative to standard in-season soccer training.īoth groups were tested before and after the soccer season. 1, 13 The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of an in-season warm-up training program on young female soccer players. An athlete who was identified with at least six out of the ten risk factors in the tuck jump would theoretically receive high-intensity training options, since neuromuscular interventions best benefit high-risk athletes. 1, 13 Each athlete’s baseline performance was then compared to their post-training performances. In this assessment, athletes performed consecutive tuck jumps for ten seconds while the clinician subsequently identifies any of ten possible deficiencies associated with neuromuscular risk factors shown through motion analysis (e.g., “lower extremity valgus at landing”). 1, 13 This study implemented a “clinician-friendly” plyometric assessment that requires substantially less equipment and personnel than 3D motion analysis. 3, 4, 6 The current study seeks to expand on this concept through the implementation of a field-based evaluation to test the effects of in-season neuromuscular training. ![]() recently demonstrated that laboratory-based injury risk identification techniques can be successfully applied to clinical practice. 4 These costs easily exceed the budgets of most high school athletic programs. The cost of using 3D motion analysis to measure kinetics and kinematics can be in the range of $1000 per athlete per test. The aforementioned studies required the use of expensive, 3D motion capture equipment to evaluate and predict ACL injury risk by tracking kinetics and kinematics. 18, 24, 26, 29, 33, 35– 37, 39, 40 In validation of theses laboratory findings, females often demonstrate knee landing alignments associated with high knee abduction load at the time of injury. 10 Several investigations have demonstrated that female athletes more often exhibit excessive coronal plane load and motion landing mechanics compared to males during landing and pivoting movements. 31 In addition, a large scale prospective study found that military cadets who sustained ACL injuries demonstrated knee landing mechanics related to these coronal plane knee deficits. knee abduction moment) during landing, predict ACL injury risk in young female athletes. Prospective measures of high dynamic knee valgus (i.e. 14 The authors proposed this increased activity would reduce dynamic knee valgus and the resultant injury risk. (2008) reported increased EMG activity for the medial hamstrings. (2006) demonstrated that joint kinematics and kinetics were improved after an in-season intervention, 25 and Zebis et al. (2008) indicated that an on-field warm-up program significantly reduced ACL injury rates, 11 Pollard et al. 23 Nevertheless, several studies have tested the influence of in-season training and have had positive results. (2006) concluded that an in-season protocol alone is likely the most cost-effective however, the decrease in risk of injury may not manifest itself until much later in the season due to the reduced intensity of the training. 32 In a meta-analysis of ACL injury prevention training studies, Hewett et al. 11 The most effective and efficient programs in both types of protocols should include four essential components: balance, biofeedback, strength and plyometric exercises. In-season training is characterized by shorter, less intensive training as systemic fatigue can hinder sports performance. ![]() If pre-season training is omitted, there is potentially a greater injury risk in the early season, while the consequences of not performing in-season training may manifest themselves as the season continues and the potential benefits of the pre-season training becomes negligible. Performing the training in-season or pre-season may have varying effects on injury risk throughout the competitive season. One major factor differentiating neuromuscular training programs is the varied programming within the yearly calendar. 18, 26, 36 Several injury prevention programs have been developed in order to reduce the risk of ACL, as well as, other lower extremity injuries. ![]() This results in lower limb mechanics which may increase ACL injury risk. 22, 30 This sex disparity may be caused by decreased neuromuscular control during the execution of sports movements, particularly in landing and pivoting movements. Adolescent female soccer players are 4–6 times more likely to sustain an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury compared with male soccer players. ![]()
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